Is it evidence-based?Save time by looking at high-quality, pre-appraised evidence sources first, such as the Australian Medicines Handbook (AMH), Therapeutic Guidelines and BMJ Best Practice. These are sources which have done the work of searching and critically appraising the evidence for you. They integrate this evidence with expert review to produce the best advice currently available. Systematic reviews and meta-analyses are the next best evidence. Reviews that are not systematic, older texts, and clinical trial reports (even randomised controlled trials) are lower quality evidence and require critical appraisal.

Other sources such as Monthly Index of Medical Specialities (MIMS), Current Index of. Website, National Formulary of India (NFI), MIMS, and PI of medicines.

Sources of medicines informationAMH, Therapeutic Guidelines and NPS MedicineWise cover most commonly prescribed medicines and conditions and should be among the first resources consulted. This information is evidence-based, current and reflects Australian best practice.

The layout of AMH and Therapeutic Guidelines also allows rapid access to the information needed to prescribe safely.NPS MedicineWise and Australian Prescriber provide free, reliable, independent information on drugs and therapeutics. NPS MedicineWise produces a number of resources prescribers can rely on to stay informed. Australian Prescriber covers therapeutic issues and controversies, new drugs and their place in therapy, and provides practical reviews on drug use and diagnostic tests.Resources like BMJ Best Practice, Clinical Evidence, DynaMed Plus, UpToDate, and current evidence-based guidelines provide rapid access to information on treatment of specific conditions and should be consulted next.An alphabetical listing of resources and access methods to drug information is given in the.

Alphabetical list of resources and access methods to drug informationAHFS Drug Information 2016. American Society ofHealth-System Pharmacists.AusDIAusPARsAustralian Don’t Rush to Crush Handbook: Therapeutic Options for People Unable to Swallow Solid Oral Medicines. Society of Hospital Pharmacists of Australia.Australian Injectable Drugs Handbook. Society of Hospital Pharmacists of Australia.Australian Medicines HandbookAustralian PrescriberBetter Health ChannelBMJ Best PracticeCochrane LibraryDrugs in Pregnancy and Lactation: A Reference Guide to Fetal and Neonatal Risk. Briggs GG, Freeman RK.

Philadelphia (PA): Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2015.DynaMed PlusEpocratesGoodman & Gilman’s The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. Brunton LL, editor. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2011.LactMedLexi-Interact (also available via UpToDate and Lexicomp subscriptions)Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference. Brayfield A, editor. London: Pharmaceutical Press; 2014.Mayo Clinic (USA)MedlinePlus (USA)MedlinePlus Herbs and SupplementsMedscapeMicromedex Solutions DatabaseMIMS AustraliaNational Centre for Complementary and Integrative Health andNational Guideline Clearinghouse (USA)Natural MedicinesNeoFax DatabaseNHMRC GuidelinesNHS Evidence (UK)NICE (UK)NPS MedicineWiseNPS RadarPaediatric Emergency Medication Book.

Craig S, editor. Melbourne: Monash Children’s Hospital; 2014.Paediatric Injectable Guidelines. Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne.PBS Public Summary DocumentsPediatric Injectable Drugs (The Teddy Bear Book). Phelps SJ, Hagemann TM, Lee KR, Thompson AJ. Bethesda (MD): American Society of Health-System Pharmacists; 2013.PEMSoftPharmacokinetics Made Easy. Sydney: McGraw-Hill Education; 2009.Pregnancy and Breastfeeding Medicines Guide.

The Royal Women’s Hospital.RACGP Clinical GuidelinesRACGP Endorsed Resources and Accepted Clinical ResourcesSeyffart’s Directory of Drug Dosage in Kidney Disease. Munich: Dustri-Verlag; 2011.Stockley’s Drug InteractionsStockley’s Drug Interactions. Preston CL, editor. London: Pharmaceutical Press; 2016.Stockley’s Herbal Medicines InteractionsStockley’s Herbal Medicines Interactions. Williamson E, Driver S, Baxter K, editors. London: Pharmaceutical Press; 2013.TGATGA Prescribing Medicines in Pregnancy DatabaseThe Doctor’s Bag app ( Australian Prescriber)Therapeutic GuidelinesTRIP DatabaseUpToDateUpToDate Patient InformationPharmaceutical companies can provide information on their own products, including detailed information on stability, excipients and adverse effects. Product information and consumer medicines informationThe product information contains basic information on a medicine including its ingredients, pharmacokinetics, mechanism of action, approved indications, doses, contraindications, precautions, adverse effects and appearance.

It does not contain comparative information. The product information is written by the pharmaceutical company sponsor, then reviewed and amended by the Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA).For older or off-patent drugs, the product information may not reflect current accepted practice, and adverse effects and interactions information may not be up to date. For example, metformin is widely and safely used for type 2 diabetes in patients with creatinine clearances less than 60 mL/minute, despite this practice being contraindicated in the product information. Polycystic ovary syndrome is a recognised indication for metformin but is not listed in the product information.The consumer medicines information is also written by the pharmaceutical company.

It is based on the product information and provides clear, unbiased information to help patients take medicines safely.The current product information and consumer medicines information are available from the TGA website, NPS MedicineWise and from compendia like MIMS and AusDI (previously AusDI Advanced or Catalyst). Many prescribing software packages use MIMS as their information source, while AusDI is the information source behind Medical Director.Both MIMS and AusDI write their own abbreviated information for drugs and have features such as interaction checkers, gluten content, use in sport, and searchable product images that can help identify tablets and capsules. Each also has unique features. For an additional cost MIMS includes information on crushing or dissolving products for patients with swallowing difficulties or nasogastric tubes from the Society of Hospital Pharmacists of Australia’s (SHPA) publication the Australian Don’t Rush to Crush Handbook.AusDI’s unique features include information on lactose and latex content, and detailed independent drug monographs which cover approved and unapproved uses, mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, interactions, dosage in age groups and organ failure, and use in pregnancy and lactation.

Pharmacology texts and databasesPharmacology texts provide information on how drugs work, how they compare to other drugs, their pharmacokinetics, interactions and uses. Goodman and Gilman’s The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics is considered the gold standard text on pharmacology but there are many others.

Pharmacokinetics Made Easy is a simple and helpful guide to practical pharmacokinetics.Micromedex is a database containing drug monographs, an interaction checker, information on intravenous compatibility, drug use in pregnancy, Martindale (the UK standard reference on drugs), and a toxicology database (Poisindex). Some features require additional subscriptions.

Divi theme 2.4. The monographs have detailed information on clinical use, adverse effects and comparative efficacy. Other evidence-based medicine sourcesThe TRIP database (Turning Research into Practice) is a search engine designed to find high-quality evidence quickly. Results can be filtered by type, for example systematic reviews, and scored for relevance, quality (by publisher) and currency, with higher ranked results appearing first.The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) provides Evidence Search, a search engine of several authoritative UK sources. The Cochrane Library is free within Australia and provides access to Cochrane reviews, critiques of other systematic reviews, economic evaluations and a large database of controlled trials.Evidence-based guidelines such as Therapeutic Guidelines and the RACGP clinical guidelines provide information on diagnosis and treatment in specific conditions, but usually have little information on drugs other than dosage and indications.UpToDate provides information on diagnosis and pathophysiology, but therapeutic recommendations may not be consistent with Australian practice. It may be useful for information on rarer conditions, for example those not covered by Therapeutic Guidelines.

Bibliographic databasesPubMed/Medline and Embase provide access to the medical literature and should ideally be used together. Both cover the major medical journals but they also have unique content, so using only one may mean that essential references are missed. Learning how to use them well can save time and improve the quality of information retrieved. The ‘Clinical Queries’ filters can save time by restricting results to clinical studies.

If you do not have the time or skills to search properly, consult a medical librarian or medicines information specialist. Information found from literature searches requires critical appraisal. Drug use in pregnancy and lactationThe product information rarely contains useful information on drug use in pregnancy or lactation. The Women’s Pregnancy and Breastfeeding Medicines Guide provides brief information on the safety of drug use in pregnancy by trimester, and in lactation. The print version was replaced by an online database in July 2015. More detailed information can be found in Briggs and Freeman’s Drugs in Pregnancy and Lactation: A Reference Guide to Fetal and Neonatal Risk.Micromedex has information on drug risk in pregnancy via the three databases in Reprorisk. There are two telephone advisory services: MotherSafe (NSW) and the Royal Women’s Hospital (Victoria).

Lactation resources include Medications and Mothers Milk (print and online), and free fact sheets from LactMed. Complementary and alternative medicinesReliable information on complementary and alternative medicines (including herbs and products used with or instead of conventional medicines) is harder to find than for conventional medicines. One of the best resources is the Natural Medicines database. It has an interaction checker which includes conventional medicines and complementary and alternative medicines. The database also has information on indications, safety, efficacy, adverse effects, nutrient depletions, and use of complementary and alternative medicines in pregnancy, lactation and sport.Medicines Complete offers three online resources – Herbal Medicines, Dietary Supplements and Stockley’s Herbal Medicines Interactions. Reliable free information is available from MedlinePlus Herbs and Supplements and the National Centre for Complementary and Integrative Health, a US National Institutes of Health resource.

Drug administrationInformation on drug administration beyond what is available in the product information is found in two Society of Hospital Pharmacists of Australia publications:.the Australian Don’t Rush to Crush Handbook (print, or online as an add-on subscription in MIMS) provides advice on which medicines can be altered for patients with difficulty swallowing or receiving tube feeds.the Australian Injectable Drugs Handbook outlines the preparation, compatibility, administration, and stability of injectable drugs. Where not to lookWikipedia, Google and internet searches can uncover worthwhile information but they should not be relied on as the primary source of drug information.

They provide background information and show what information patients may be reading. While Google Scholar may retrieve more scholarly publications, searching is less precise than with medical databases and the quality of results is not consistent. It can be worth checking Google Scholar for full text articles. Finding the few useful references in Google or Google Scholar often takes far longer than a medical database search. PubMed/Medline, Embase, Cochrane and the TRIP database will provide more reliable references, and more precise results.